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Title	Exploring Challenges and Opportunities of Biophilic Urban Design: Evidence from Research and Experimentation
ID_Doc	63
Authors	Andreucci, MB; Loder, A; Brown, M; Brajkovic, J
Published	Sustainability, 13, 8
Structure	Section 1: Introduction The article "Exploring Challenges and Opportunities of Biophilic Urban Design: Evidence from Research and Experimentation" by Maria Beatrice Andreucci et al. explores the challenges and opportunities of biophilic urban design, highlighting the importance of connecting humans with nature in urban environments. The authors review existing research on the benefits of biophilic design and its application in different scales, from building to city levels. They also present case studies from London and Chicago, demonstrating the effectiveness of biophilic design in improving human health, well-being, and environmental sustainability. Section 2: Methodology The study employs a mixed-qualitative methodology, combining critical literature reviews with field research. The authors conducted a critical review of theoretical paradigms underlying nature and health research, highlighting the strengths and limitations of adaptive and utilitarian paradigms. They also designed a protocol for case studies in London and Chicago, selecting cities with good capacity to integrate biophilic design at multiple scales. Section 3: Theoretical Frameworks on Health and Nature The authors discuss two research paradigms: adaptive and utilitarian. The adaptive paradigm assumes that evolution motivates physiological and psychological responses to the environment, while the utilitarian paradigm views nature as a quality of an environment that satisfies current personal or interpersonal needs. The authors highlight the limitations of these paradigms in aligning with biophilic design principles and suggest a biological historicity approach that considers social and cultural dimensions of places. Section 4: Research to Practice: Design Theory, Research, and Application The authors review biophilic design principles and attributes, including organic/naturalistic and place-based/vernacular dimensions. They discuss experimental biophilic design approaches, such as those of Juhani Pallasmaa, and highlight the importance of understanding human experience of space and design. The authors also present case studies of biophilic design applications in London and Chicago. Section 5: Mainstreaming Biophilic Design: Research, Design, and Practice The authors discuss the challenges of implementing biophilic design in practice, including the need for policy and design alignment, effective communication, and stakeholder engagement. They highlight the importance of considering social and economic values in urban greening projects. Section 6: Conclusion The authors conclude that understanding the strengths and limitations of research on nature and health can help support biophilic design at multiple scales. They suggest that connecting urbanites with nature can foster a sense of place, improve human health, and promote sustainable behavior. The authors emphasize the need for further research and practice to address the complexities of human-nature relationships in urban environments. Section 7: Discussion The authors discuss the application of research to practice, highlighting the challenges of translating research to real-world contexts. They also examine the benefits of nature in the workplace, biophilic design and mental health, and the connection between biophilia and environmental behavior change. Section 8: Benefits of Nature in the Workplace The authors review studies on the benefits of nature in the workplace, highlighting the importance of improved task performance, reduced stress, and increased productivity. Section 9: Biophilic Design and Mental Health The authors discuss the benefits of biophilic design for mental health, including reduced stress, improved mood, and increased feelings of well-being. Section 10: Biophilic Design and Connectedness to Nature The authors review research on biophilia and its connection to environmental behavior change, highlighting the importance of fostering a sense of place and connection to nature. Section 11: Connecting Biophilic Design with Environmental Justice, Health, and Climate Change The authors discuss the connection between biophilic design and climate change, highlighting the importance of fostering a sense of place and connection to nature to promote sustainable behavior and environmental justice. Section 12: Looking Forward: Engaging with Nature and Fostering a Systems-Thinking Approach The authors conclude that engaging with nature requires a systems-thinking approach, emphasizing the importance of fostering a sense of place and connection to nature to promote sustainable behavior and environmental justice.
Summary	The article "Exploring Challenges and Opportunities of Biophilic Urban Design: Evidence from Research and Experimentation" discusses the importance of biophilic urban design in improving human health and well-being. Biophilic design is the integration of nature into urban design, which can improve physical and mental health, productivity, and quality of life. However, there is a disconnect between our need for nature and our daily lived experience. Research has shown that biophilic design can improve human health and well-being, but there is a lack of understanding of how to apply this research to different scales and contexts. The article reviews the current state of research on biophilic design and identifies key challenges and opportunities. It also examines case studies from London and Chicago that demonstrate the application of biophilic design principles in different contexts. The article highlights the importance of understanding the theoretical and practical interrelations between regenerative design and biophilia. It also emphasizes the need for a more holistic approach to design that takes into account the social and cultural dimensions of places. The article concludes that biophilic design has the potential to address the current climate and disease crisis by improving sustainable behavior and promoting environmental justice. Ultimately, the article aims to provide key lessons learned for designers and planners to apply to their practice and support the development of regenerative urban design.
Scientific Methods	The research methods used in the article "Exploring Challenges and Opportunities of Biophilic Urban Design: Evidence from Research and Experimentation" can be broken down into the following: 1. Literature Review: The authors conducted a comprehensive review of existing research on biophilic design, nature, and health. This included a critical analysis of theoretical and practical approaches to biophilic design, as well as a review of empirical studies on the benefits of biophilic design for human health and well-being. 2. Case Studies: The authors conducted case studies of biophilic design projects in London and Chicago. These case studies included in-depth analysis of the design principles, implementation, and outcomes of the biophilic design projects. 3. Experimental Biophilic Design Approaches: The authors explored experimental biophilic design approaches, including the use of natural materials, indigenous plants, and indigenous design principles. 4. Mixed-Methodology: The authors used a mixed-methodology approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative methods to collect and analyze data. 5. Data Analysis: The authors analyzed data from the case studies, including survey results, interviews, and observational data. 6. Systematic Review: The authors conducted a systematic review of existing research on the benefits of biophilic design for human health and well-being. 7. Comparative Analysis: The authors compared and contrasted different biophilic design approaches, including adaptive and utilitarian paradigms. 8. Policy Analysis: The authors analyzed policy approaches to biophilic design, including urban planning and policy initiatives. 9. Sensory and Spatial Analysis: The authors analyzed the sensory and spatial qualities of biophilic design spaces, including the use of natural materials, indigenous plants, and indigenous design principles. 10. Participatory Action Research: The authors used participatory action research methods to engage with stakeholders and co-create biophilic design solutions. 11. Participatory Design: The authors used participatory design methods to co-create biophilic design solutions with stakeholders. 12. Evaluation and Assessment: The authors evaluated and assessed the effectiveness of biophilic design interventions, including their impact on human health and well-being. Overall, the research methods used in the article were diverse and comprehensive, and included a range of qualitative and quantitative methods. The authors used these methods to explore the challenges and opportunities of biophilic urban design, and to evaluate the effectiveness of biophilic design interventions for human health and well-being.
Article contribution	This article explores the challenges and opportunities of biophilic urban design, which aims to reconnect people with nature and promote sustainable behavior. The authors identify several key research paradigms, including the adaptive and utilitarian paradigms, and evaluate their effectiveness in informing biophilic design interventions. The article highlights the importance of biophilic design in promoting human health and well-being, particularly in urban environments. The authors argue that biophilic design can be used to mitigate the negative impacts of urbanization, such as air pollution, noise pollution, and the loss of green spaces. The article also discusses the challenges of integrating biophilic design into urban planning and policy. The authors highlight the need for a more holistic approach to urban design, one that takes into account the social, cultural, and economic factors that influence people's relationships with nature. The article provides several case studies of biophilic design interventions, including the Shard Living Lab in London, the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, and the Greenwich Millennium Village. These case studies demonstrate the potential of biophilic design to promote sustainable behavior, improve public health, and enhance the quality of life for urban residents. Overall, the article provides a comprehensive overview of the challenges and opportunities of biophilic urban design, and highlights the need for a more holistic approach to urban planning and policy. Contributions to Regenerative Economics: 1. Emphasis on human health and well-being: The article highlights the importance of biophilic design in promoting human health and well-being, particularly in urban environments. This contribution aligns with the principles of regenerative economics, which prioritize human well-being and the health of the planet. 2. Integration of social, cultural, and economic factors: The article argues that biophilic design should take into account the social, cultural, and economic factors that influence people's relationships with nature. This contribution reflects the need for a more holistic approach to urban design, one that considers the complex relationships between human societies and the natural environment. 3. Promoting sustainable behavior: The article discusses the potential of biophilic design to promote sustainable behavior, such as reducing energy consumption and waste. This contribution aligns with the principles of regenerative economics, which prioritize sustainability and the long-term health of the planet. 4. Case studies of biophilic design interventions: The article provides several case studies of biophilic design interventions, which demonstrate the potential of biophilic design to promote sustainable behavior, improve public health, and enhance the quality of life for urban residents. These case studies contribute to the development of regenerative economics by highlighting the practical applications of biophilic design in urban environments. Recommendations: 1. Integrate biophilic design into urban planning and policy: The article highlights the need for a more holistic approach to urban design, one that takes into account the social, cultural, and economic factors that influence people's relationships with nature. 2. Prioritize human health and well-being: The article emphasizes the importance of biophilic design in promoting human health and well-being, particularly in urban environments. 3. Promote sustainable behavior: The article discusses the potential of biophilic design to promote sustainable behavior, such as reducing energy consumption and waste. 4. Support the development of regenerative economics: The article contributes to the development of regenerative economics by highlighting the potential of biophilic design to promote sustainable behavior, improve public health, and enhance the quality of life for urban residents.

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