| Title | Development of 2-in-1 Sensors for the Safety Assessment of Lithium-Ion Batteries via Early Detection of Vapors Produced by Electrolyte Solvents |
|---|---|
| ID_Doc | 15829 |
| Authors | Lupan, O; Magariu, N; Santos-Carballal, D; Ababii, N; Offermann, J; Pooker, P; Hansen, S; Siebert, L; de Leeuw, NH; Adelung, R |
| Title | Development of 2-in-1 Sensors for the Safety Assessment of Lithium-Ion Batteries via Early Detection of Vapors Produced by Electrolyte Solvents |
| Year | 2023 |
| Published | Acs Applied Materials & Interfaces, 15, 22 |
| Abstract | Batteries play acritical role in achieving zero-emissiongoalsand in the transition toward a more circular economy. Ensuring batterysafety is a top priority for manufacturers and consumers alike, andhence is an active topic of research. Metal-oxide nanostructures haveunique properties that make them highly promising for gas sensingin battery safety applications. In this study, we investigate thegas-sensing capabilities of semiconducting metal oxides for detectingvapors produced by common battery components, such as solvents, salts,or their degassing products. Our main objective is to develop sensorscapable of early detection of common vapors produced by malfunctioningbatteries to prevent explosions and further safety hazards. Typicalelectrolyte components and degassing products for the Li-ion, Li-S,or solid-state batteries that were investigated in this study include1,3-dioxololane (C3H6O2-DOL),1,2-dimethoxyethane (C4H10O2-DME),ethylene carbonate (C3H4O3-EC),dimethyl carbonate (C4H10O2-DMC),lithium bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)-imide (LiTFSI), lithium nitrate(LiNO3) salts in a mixture of DOL and DME, lithium hexafluorophosphate(LiPF6), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and phosphorouspentafluoride (PF5). Our sensing platform was based onternary and binary heterostructures consisting of TiO2(111)/CuO-(1-11)/Cu2O-(111) and CuO(1-11)/Cu2O-(111), respectively,with various CuO layer thicknesses (10, 30, and 50 nm). We have analyzedthese structures using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersiveX-ray spectroscopy (EDX), micro-Raman spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible(UV-vis) spectroscopy. We found that the sensors reliably detectedDME C4H10O2 vapors up to a concentrationof 1000 ppm with a gas response of 136%, and concentrations as lowas 1, 5, and 10 ppm with response values of approximately 7, 23, and30%, respectively. Our devices can serve as 2-in-1 sensors, functioningas a temperature sensor at low operating temperatures and as a gassensor at temperatures above 200 degrees C. Density functional theorycalculations were also employed to study the adsorption of the vaporsproduced by battery solvents or their degassing products, as wellas water, to investigate the impact of humidity. PF5 andC(4)H(10)O(2) showed the most exothermicmolecular interactions, which are consistent with our gas responseinvestigations. Our results indicate that humidity does not impactthe performance of the sensors, which is crucial for the early detectionof thermal runaway under harsh conditions in Li-ion batteries. Weshow that our semiconducting metal-oxide sensors can detect the vaporsproduced by battery solvents and degassing products with high accuracyand can serve as high-performance battery safety sensors to preventexplosions in malfunctioning Li-ion batteries. Despite the fact thatthe sensors work independently of the type of battery, the work presentedhere is of particular interest for the monitoring of solid-state batteries,since DOL is a solvent typically used in this type of batteries. |
| https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsami.3c03564 |
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