| Title | Estimating potentially recoverable Nd from end-of-life (EoL) products to meet future US demands |
|---|---|
| ID_Doc | 20307 |
| Authors | Maani, T; Mathur, N; Rong, CB; Sutherland, JW |
| Title | Estimating potentially recoverable Nd from end-of-life (EoL) products to meet future US demands |
| Year | 2023 |
| Published | |
| Abstract | Owing to a growing interest in decarbonization, there is increasing attention to clean energy technologies such as electric vehicles (EVs) and wind turbines. These technologies rely on powerful rare earth permanent magnets (REPMs) such as Neodymium-Iron-Boron (NdFeB) magnets. Neodymium has been identified as a critical material and is subject to supply chain risks. To mitigate this risk, circular economy strategies have been proposed. In this study, we estimate the Nd use (flows) in the U.S. for major applications, develop a dynamic model to predict the end-of-life (EoL) flows of products that contain REPMs, report on the potentially recoverable Nd from EoL products, and evaluate the significance of this secondary source of Nd relative to the overall U.S. demand. Results show that recycling at 15% efficiency can meet about 12% and reuse can meet up to 70% of Nd demand for EVs respectively in 2050. While the forecasted potential amount of secondary Nd is smaller for other products (relative to EVs), the REPMs contained in these products could satisfy a large portion of the future demand if their life cycles can be circularized. The stocks and flows estimated herein are relevant to inform policy measures to efficiently support the development of secondary materials' markets and push for higher collection rates and improved recycling efficiencies. |
Similar Articles
| ID | Score | Article |
|---|---|---|
6039
|
Hsu, WT; Petavratzi, E; Zils, M; Einarsson, S; Morasae, EK; Lysaght, O; Hopkinson, P Mapping the flows and stocks of permanent magnets rare earth elements for powering a circular economy in the UK(2024) | |
| 26277
|
Bonfante, MC; Raspini, JP; Fernandes, IB; Fernandes, S; Campos, LMS; Alarcon, OE Achieving Sustainable Development Goals in rare earth magnets production: A review on state of the art and SWOT analysis(2021) | |
| 22588
|
Jin, HY; Frost, K; Sousa, I; Ghaderi, H; Bevan, A; Zakotnik, M; Handwerker, C Life cycle assessment of emerging technologies on value recovery from hard disk drives(2020) | |
| 2652
|
Li, ZS; Hamidi, AS; Yan, ZM; Sattar, A; Hazra, S; Soulard, J; Guest, C; Ahmed, SH; Tailor, F A circular economy approach for recycling Electric Motors in the end-of-life Vehicles: A literature review(2024) | |
| 9751
|
Morimoto, S; Kuroki, H; Narita, H; Ishigaki, A Scenario assessment of neodymium recycling in Japan based on substance flow analysis and future demand forecast(2021)Journal Of Material Cycles And Waste Management, 23.0, 6 | |
| 25333
|
Nlebedim, IC; King, AH Addressing Criticality in Rare Earth Elements via Permanent Magnets Recycling(2018)Jom, 70, 2 | |
| 26407
|
Leitner, P; Grandjean, TRB Electric Traction Motor Recycling - Modelling and Assessment of Recycling Potentials(2020) | |
| 25649
|
Rizos, V; Righetti, E; Kassab, A Understanding the barriers to recycling critical raw materials for the energy transition: The case of rare earth permanent magnets(2024) | |
| 6154
|
Becci, A; Beolchini, F; Amato, A Sustainable Strategies for the Exploitation of End-of-Life Permanent Magnets(2021)Processes, 9, 5 | |
| 24229
|
Busch, J; Steinberger, JK; Dawson, DA; Purnell, P; Roelich, K Managing Critical Materials with a Technology-Specific Stocks and Flows Model(2014)Environmental Science & Technology, 48, 2 |