| Title | Integrating Circular Economy Strategies with Low-Carbon Scenarios: Lithium Use in Electric Vehicles |
|---|---|
| ID_Doc | 20529 |
| Authors | Watari, T; Nansai, K; Nakajima, K; McLellan, BC; Dominish, E; Giurco, D |
| Title | Integrating Circular Economy Strategies with Low-Carbon Scenarios: Lithium Use in Electric Vehicles |
| Year | 2019 |
| Published | Environmental Science & Technology, 53, 20 |
| Abstract | Electrification of the transport sector will support its decarbonization, yet significantly change material requirements. This calls for an integrated modeling approach internalizing metal demand-supply dynamics in low-carbon scenarios to support the Paris agreement on climate change and sustainable material circulation. Here we develop a step toward the integrated simulation of energy-materials scenarios by unifying a stock-flow dynamics model for low-carbon scenarios using linear programming. The modeling framework incorporates lithium supply from both mines and end-of-life (EoL) recycling for projected use in electric vehicles on a global basis. The results show that supply constraints, which could become apparent from around 2030 in the case of current recycling rates (<1%), would impede the deployment of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), leading to the generation of an additional 300 Mt-CO2 of emissions for vehicle operation in 2050. Another important finding is that increasing the recycling rate to 80% could substantially relieve restrictions on the introduction of BEVs without requiring primary supply from natural deposits far beyond historical rates of expansion. While EoL recycling is important from a long-term perspective, an EoL-oriented strategy has little effect on the short/medium-term (such as to 2030) lithium demand-supply balance because of exponential demand growth and long living batteries. Importantly, findings in this study emphasize the necessity of tackling climate change and resource circulation in an integrated manner. |
| https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/259703/1/acs.est.9b02872.pdf |
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