Knowledge Agora

Title	Design of Recycling Processes for NCA-Type Li-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles toward the Circular Economy
ID_Doc	21251
Authors	de Castro, RH; Espinosa, DCR; Gobo, LA; Kumoto, EA; Botelho, AB Jr; Tenorio, JS
Title	Design of Recycling Processes for NCA-Type Li-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles toward the Circular Economy
Year	2024
Published	Energy & Fuels, 38.0, 6
Abstract	NCA batteries represent 8% of the market share, and the literature lacks recycling studies and routes toward a cost-effective recycling process. The present study aimed to develop the hydrometallurgical recycling process of NCA cylindrical batteries. The cells were discharged, followed by physical treatment before leaching. Three different acids were evaluated: H2SO4, H3PO4, and citric acid. Reducing agents were not necessary due to the presence of Al foils, which reduces leaching costs. Citric acid represented a better cost-effective option, but solid-liquid separation represents a drawback to the process. After H2SO4 leaching at 90 degrees C for 90 min in a solid-liquid ratio of 1/5 and 2.0 mol/L without Cu leaching, Al was separated by precipitation followed by solvent extraction for Co separation using Cyanex 272. Ni was obtained as hydroxide, and Li crystallized as sulfate. The mass balance demonstrated that about 92% of Li, 80% of Ni, and 85% of Co can be recovered in hydrometallurgical processing. Products with purity >95% can be used in battery and stainless-steel production. The process has the potential to have a low CO2 footprint, and future studies will explore it.
PDF

Similar Articles

ID	Score	Article
24456		Lima, AMND; Espinosa, DCR; Botelho , AB, Jr; Tenorio, JAS NCA-Type Lithium-Ion Battery: A Review of Separation and Purification Technologies for Recycling Metals(2024)Journal Of Sustainable Metallurgy, 10, 3
21099		Aannir, M; Hakkou, R; Levard, C; Taha, Y; Ghennioui, A; Rose, J; Saadoune, I Towards a closed loop recycling process of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries: Recovery of critical metals and electrochemical performance evaluation of a regenerated LiCoO2(2023)
25673		Yu, JD; Li, J; Zhang, S; Wei, F; Liu, YJ; Li, JH Mechanochemical upcycling of spent LiCoO2 to new LiNi0.80Co0.15Al0.05O2 battery: An atom economy strategy(2023)Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America, 120, 14
32830		Marchese, D; Giosuè, C; Staffolani, A; Conti, M; Orcioni, S; Soavi, F; Cavalletti, M; Stipa, P An Overview of the Sustainable Recycling Processes Used for Lithium-Ion Batteries(2024)Batteries-Basel, 10, 1
24867		Pavón, S; Kaiser, D; Mende, R; Bertau, M The COOL-Process-A Selective Approach for Recycling Lithium Batteries(2021)Metals, 11, 2
28957		Prazanová, A; Plachy, Z; Uricár, J; Pilnaj, D; Kocí, J; Knap, V Sustainability Challenges: The Circular Economy Dilemma in Lithium-Ion Battery Cell Electrochemical Discharging Processes(2024)
22876		Iturrondobeitia, M; Vallejo, C; Berroci, M; Akizu-Gardoki, O; Minguez, R; Lizundia, E Environmental Impact Assessment of LiNi_1/₃M_1/3C_1/3O₂ Hydrometallurgical Cathode Recycling from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries(2022)Acs Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 10.0, 30
68321		Sahu, S; Devi, N Hydrometallurgical treatment of spent lithium ion batteries using environmentally friendly leachant and extractant(2023)Journal Of Material Cycles And Waste Management, 25, 6
3026		Velázquez-Martínez, O; Valio, J; Santasalo-Aarnio, A; Reuter, M; Serna-Guerrero, R A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective(2019)Batteries-Basel, 5, 4
24630		Peng, C; Liu, FP; Aji, AT; Wilson, BP; Lundström, M Extraction of Li and Co from industrially produced Li-ion battery waste - Using the reductive power of waste itself(2019)