| Title | Production of Nano Hydroxyapatite and Mg-Whitlockite from Biowaste-Derived products via Continuous Flow Hydrothermal Synthesis: A Step towards Circular Economy |
|---|---|
| ID_Doc | 22502 |
| Authors | Nigar, F; Johnston, AL; Smith, J; Oakley, W; Islam, MT; Felfel, R; Grant, D; Lester, E; Ahmed, I |
| Title | Production of Nano Hydroxyapatite and Mg-Whitlockite from Biowaste-Derived products via Continuous Flow Hydrothermal Synthesis: A Step towards Circular Economy |
| Year | 2023 |
| Published | Materials, 16.0, 6 |
| Abstract | Biowastes from agriculture, sewage, household wastes, and industries comprise promising resources to produce biomaterials while reducing adverse environmental effects. This study focused on utilising waste-derived materials (i.e., eggshells as a calcium source, struvite as a phosphate source, and CH3COOH as dissolution media) to produce value-added products (i.e., calcium phosphates (CaPs) derived from biomaterials) using a continuous flow hydrothermal synthesis route. The prepared materials were characterised via XRD, FEG-SEM, EDX, FTIR, and TEM analysis. Magnesium whitlockite (Mg-WH) and hydroxyapatite (HA) were produced by single-phase or biphasic CaPs by reacting struvite with either calcium nitrate tetrahydrate or an eggshell solution at 200 degrees C and 350 degrees C. Rhombohedral-shaped Mg-WH (23-720 nm) along with tube (50-290 nm diameter, 20-71 nm thickness) and/or ellipsoidal morphologies of HA (273-522 nm width) were observed at 350 degrees C using HNO3 or CH3COOH to prepare the eggshell and struvite solutions, and NH4OH was used as the pH buffer. The Ca/P (atomic%) ratios obtained ranged between 1.3 and 1.7, indicating the formation of Mg-WH and HA. This study showed that eggshells and struvite usage, along with CH3COOH, are promising resources as potential sustainable precursors and dissolution media, respectively, to produce CaPs with varying morphologies. |
| https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/6/2138/pdf?version=1678416700 |
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