| Title |
Supply And Substitution Options For Selected Critical Raw Materials: Cobalt, Niobium, Tungsten, Yttrium And Rare Earths Elements |
| ID_Doc |
23277 |
| Authors |
Bartl, A; Tkaczyk, AH; Amato, A; Beolchini, F; Lapkovskis, V; Petranikova, M |
| Title |
Supply And Substitution Options For Selected Critical Raw Materials: Cobalt, Niobium, Tungsten, Yttrium And Rare Earths Elements |
| Year |
2018 |
| Published |
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| Abstract |
European industry is dependent on the import of raw materials. The European Commission has recognized that some raw materials are crucial for the function of the European economy and show a high risk of supply shortage. This communication addresses supply and substitution options for selected critical raw materials: cobalt, niobium, tungsten, yttrium, and the rare earth elements. For each element, the most relevant data concerning mining, abundance, recycling rates and possible substitutes are summarized and discussed. |
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