| Title | Separation and Recycling Potential of Rare Earth Elements from Energy Systems: Feed and Economic Viability Review |
|---|---|
| ID_Doc | 6389 |
| Authors | Patil, AB; Paetzel, V; Struis, RPWJ; Ludwig, C |
| Title | Separation and Recycling Potential of Rare Earth Elements from Energy Systems: Feed and Economic Viability Review |
| Year | 2022 |
| Published | Separations, 9, 3 |
| Abstract | This review explores the potential of separating and recycling rare earth elements (REEs) from different energy conversion systems, such as wind turbines, electric vehicles batteries, or lighting devices. The REEs include 17 elements (with global production of 242 kilometric tons in 2020) that can be found abundantly in nature. However, they are expensive and complicated to extract and separate with many environmental challenges. The overall demand for REEs is continuously growing (with a 10% yearly increase) and it is quite clear that recycling has to be developed as a supply strategy in addition to conventional mining. However, the success of both mining and recycling depends on appropriate separation and processing technologies. The overall REE recycling situation today is very weak (only 2% of REEs are recovered by recycling processes compared with 90% for iron and steel). The biggest recycling potentials rely on the sectors of lamp phosphors (17%), permanent magnets (7%), and NiMH batteries (10%) mainly at the end-of-life stage of the products. The profitability of rare earth recycling mostly depends on the prices of the elements to accommodate the processing costs. Therefore, end-of-life REE recycling should focus on the most valuable and critical REEs. Thus, the relevant processes, feed, and economic viability warrant the detailed review as reported here. |
| https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/9/3/56/pdf?version=1645696703 |
Similar Articles
| ID | Score | Article |
|---|---|---|
29862
|
Xu, TT; Zheng, XD; Ji, B; Xu, ZH; Bao, SF; Zhang, X; Li, GM; Mei, JF; Li, ZY Green recovery of rare earth elements under sustainability and low carbon: A review of current challenges and opportunities(2024) | |
| 21328
|
Dang, DH; Thompson, KA; Ma, L; Nguyen, HQ; Luu, ST; Duong, MTN; Kernaghan, A Toward the Circular Economy of Rare Earth Elements: A Review of Abundance, Extraction, Applications, and Environmental Impacts(2021)Archives Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology, 81.0, 4 | |
| 20084
|
Ramprasad, C; Gwenzi, W; Chaukura, N; Azelee, NIW; Rajapaksha, AU; Naushad, M; Rangabhashiyam, S Strategies and options for the sustainable recovery of rare earth elements from electrical and electronic waste(2022) | |
| 20216
|
Dushyantha, N; Kuruppu, GN; Nanayakkara, CJ; Ratnayake, AS The Role of Permanent Magnets, Lighting Phosphors, and Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) Batteries as a Future Source of Rare Earth Elements (REEs): Urban Mining Through Circular Economy(2024)Mining Metallurgy & Exploration, 41, 1 | |
| 32502
|
McNulty, T; Hazen, N; Park, S Processing the ores of rare-earth elements(2022)Mrs Bulletin, 47, 3 | |
| 27407
|
Akcil, A; Ibrahim, YA; Meshram, P; Panda, S; Abhilashb Hydrometallurgical recycling strategies for recovery of rare earth elements from consumer electronic scraps: a review(2021)Journal Of Chemical Technology And Biotechnology, 96.0, 7 | |
| 8789
|
Amato, A; Becci, A; Birloaga, I; De Michelis, I; Ferella, F; Innocenzi, V; Ippolito, NM; Gomez, CPJ; Vegliò, F; Beolchini, F Sustainability analysis of innovative technologies for the rare earth elements recovery(2019) | |
| 12789
|
Gkika, DA; Chalaris, M; Kyzas, GZ Review of Methods for Obtaining Rare Earth Elements from Recycling and Their Impact on the Environment and Human Health(2024)Processes, 12.0, 6 | |
| 29824
|
Gomes, RF; Pereira, MM; Leao, VA Acid Leaching of Rare Earth Elements Present in Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment: A Brief Review(2022)Revista Virtual De Quimica, 14.0, 3 | |
| 17718
|
Leal, W; Kotter, R; Özuyar, PG; Abubakar, IR; Eustachio, JHPP; Matandirotya, NR Understanding Rare Earth Elements as Critical Raw Materials(2023)Sustainability, 15, 3 |