| Abstract |
As we address important societal needs, the circular economy equips us with the means to jointly combat climate change and biodiversity loss, including the revaluation of waste. The wine-making process is a huge generator of waste, creating problems for manufacturers every year; therefore, an appropriate management and valorisation of winery wastes are crucial, even if it is difficult. This results from the hardship of disposing of grape marc, which is considered a pollutant for the environment. In the past, the simplest option for this waste disposal was the payment of a fee around EUR 3000, which recently increased up to EUR 30,000-40,000. Several environmentally friendly technologies have been proposed for the recovery of cellar waste. Fermentation of grape residue, pruning, or wine-making lees have been reported to yield lactic acid, surfactants, xylitol, ethanol, and other compounds. In addition, grape pulp and seeds are rich in phenolic compounds, which have antioxidant properties, and tartaric acid from vinasse can be extracted and marketed. Additionally, complex phenol mixtures, such as those found in wine residues (seeds, bark, stems, or leaves), are effective as chemotherapeutic agents and can be used in medicine. In this review, the potential of using wine-making by-products, extracts, and their constituent parts as raw materials for adsorbents, biopolymers, natural reinforcing fillers, and sustainable energy production will be a key point of discussion. An overview on how wine producers, based on wine and wastes chemistry, can implement the circular economy as an alternative to the conventional linear economy (make, use, dispose) will be provided. |