| Abstract |
All countries promote the use of electric vehicles to achieve carbon neutrality by limiting fossil-fuel vehicles. The manufacturing and transportation of electric vehicle (EV) batteries create air and water pollution. In this context, the smart, sustainable production, supply, and recycling of EV batteries and proper wastewater treatment are essential to secure the environment from pollution and attain economic growth. Apart from the existing works, the novelty of this research lies in the maximization of the profit with optimal investments in robotics, water purification technologies and green techniques to ensure sustainability and economic viability. This study proposes a smart circular supply chain model in the EV battery Industry 4.0 with production enabled by robotics, wastewater treatment using reverse osmosis, and emission reduction technologies. The circularity of the EV batteries is ensured through reworking, reusing, and recycling processes. The profit of the EV battery industry is maximized by classical optimization techniques in both without and with shortage cases, with optimal order quantity, selling price, robotic technology investment, and green and water purification technologies under the carbon cap-trade policy. Furthermore, numerical examples were discussed to ensure the application of this model in the EV battery industry, and the profit was maximized using an algorithm solved by Mathematica 9.0. The sensitivity analysis and managerial insights were given to attain more profit through the circular flow of EV batteries, and it is demonstrated through the material reutilization score. The profit margin of the industry shown an increase of 9.72% due to the optimal investment in robotics, wastewater treatment and emission reduction technologies compared to the profit in the case of without investments. The study's findings revealed that smart production, supply, and circularity of EV batteries will increase the industry's profit margin while reducing emissions and water pollution. |