| Title |
Dynamic estimation of end-of-life electric vehicle batteries in the EU-27 considering reuse, remanufacturing and recycling options |
| ID_Doc |
29440 |
| Authors |
Kastanaki, E; Giannis, A |
| Title |
Dynamic estimation of end-of-life electric vehicle batteries in the EU-27 considering reuse, remanufacturing and recycling options |
| Year |
2023 |
| Published |
|
| DOI |
10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136349 |
| Abstract |
With the rapid promotion of electric vehicles (EV) in the European Union (EU), a new e-waste category is emerging, the lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). LIBs require proper management through circular economy business models. These include Remanufacturing, Reuse and Recycling of LIBs to extend their life before valuable ma-terials are recovered. Material and substance flow analysis with a 3-parameter Weibull distribution function are employed to quantify all battery waste flows and their embedded materials. The available LIBs for remanu-facturing will be 113-301 thousand (6-31 GWh) by 2024-2034, while the capacity of Second Life (2 L) LIBs will be 212-617 GWh by 2040. The available 2 L capacity in Germany and France could effectively cover the demand for energy storage for photovoltaic systems in these countries, which have the highest EV adoption in the EU-27. The recycled metals Li, Co, Ni and Cu could meet 5.2-11.3% of the demand for new materials considering the recycling efficiencies of the 2020 EU Battery Directive. |
| Author Keywords |
E-waste; Lithium-ion batteries; Remanufacturing; Repurposing; Recycling; Forecasting |
| Index Keywords |
Index Keywords |
| Document Type |
Other |
| Open Access |
Open Access |
| Source |
Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) |
| EID |
WOS:000965518000001 |
| WoS Category |
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences |
| Research Area |
Science & Technology - Other Topics; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology |
| PDF |
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