| Abstract |
Smart city criticism concentrates on conceptual and methodological ambiguity, corporate driven utopian visions, overlooking citizen and other stakeholder potential, 'splintering urbanism', and lack of long term vision for sustainable urban development adapted to local needs. Inspired by this critical discourse, this paper aims to present smart city planning and development shortcomings on the basis of applied experience and, further, use this experience to create a new theoretical construct about shortcomings to smart city planning and development. Nine individual smart city cases (Barcelona, Stockholm, Chicago, Rio de Janeiro, PlanlT Valley, Cyberjaya, Masdar, Songdo International Business District, Konza) are explored on the basis of selected published material and in-depth case studies, highlighting the challenges and shortcomings that appeared during their development and implementation. Subsequently, the identified shortcomings are synthesized and assessed critically across contextual and strategic levels, uncovering underlying causal relationships. The findings are used to create a new theoretical construct, comprising two paths to shortcomings towards smart city planning and development. |