| Title |
Supply And Substitution Options For Selected Critical Raw Materials: Cobalt, Niobium, Tungsten, Yttrium And Rare Earths Elements |
| ID_Doc |
23277 |
| Authors |
Bartl, A; Tkaczyk, AH; Amato, A; Beolchini, F; Lapkovskis, V; Petranikova, M |
| Title |
Supply And Substitution Options For Selected Critical Raw Materials: Cobalt, Niobium, Tungsten, Yttrium And Rare Earths Elements |
| Year |
2018 |
| Published |
|
| DOI |
10.31025/2611-4135/2018.13697 |
| Abstract |
European industry is dependent on the import of raw materials. The European Commission has recognized that some raw materials are crucial for the function of the European economy and show a high risk of supply shortage. This communication addresses supply and substitution options for selected critical raw materials: cobalt, niobium, tungsten, yttrium, and the rare earth elements. For each element, the most relevant data concerning mining, abundance, recycling rates and possible substitutes are summarized and discussed. |
| Author Keywords |
Circular economy; Recycling; Critical raw materials |
| Index Keywords |
Index Keywords |
| Document Type |
Other |
| Open Access |
Open Access |
| Source |
Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) |
| EID |
WOS:000474686200007 |
| WoS Category |
Engineering, Environmental |
| Research Area |
Engineering |
| PDF |
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